| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction Kohgilouyeh and Behbahan were among the important and prominent beylarbeys of the Iranian state during the Safavid era, which always had a high status for the Safavid kings and rulers. The effective role of the warriors of this beylarbey in foreign and domestic political-military events is well documented in the sources of the era. They confronted the Safavid government with crises at least twice. Kohgilouyeh and Behbahan also enjoyed a special status during the Afshar and Zand periods. Nader Shah Afshar and Karim Khan Zand personally commanded the army to suppress their opponents in Kohgilouyeh and Behbahan. The importance of the region remained intact during the Qajar period. Of course, during this period, Kohgilouyeh and Behbahan became part of the Fars state. The Greater Fars state, like some other states, was a mixture of disorder, conflict, and struggle for power, seizing the province, and collecting taxes from the establishment of the Qajar dynasty (1209 AH) to the death of Mohammad Shah (1264 AH). The provinces of Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh were also subordinate to the political, social, and economic conditions of the Fars province. Auctioning and buying, and selling of regions and provinces was common and customary. The rulers of Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh were changed by order of the ruler of the Fars province. Many Qajar rulers in Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh provinces used various methods to consolidate their rule and economic and political exploitation. Such as: frequent political changes, forced migrations of tribes and clans, intensification of tribal and clan conflicts and disputes; creation of new positions, such as Ilkhan, which on the one hand facilitated the control of the tribes by the central government and on the other hand fueled internal conflicts and tensions among the tribes. The Qajar rulers used many of the aforementioned cases to weaken the power of the tribal community and ethnic groups living in Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh provinces, which had socio-political consequences. This research was conducted based on the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical method, and explained and analyzed the political events and their social and economic consequences based on first-hand sources. Materials and Methods The social and economic structure of Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh provinces was tribal and based on a pastoral economy, and the collection of heavy taxes from the people led to numerous rebellions and conflicts. Of course, among the rulers of Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh provinces during the Nasseri era, Sultan Uwais Mirza Ehtesham al-Dawla was considered a different and exceptional example, who administered the province with a fair and compassionate governance combined with development and settlement. This research, based on the historical research method and the descriptive-analytical method and citing first-hand sources, seeks to answer these questions. What were the political events and social and economic consequences of the rule of the Qajar rulers in Behbahan and Kohgilouyeh provinces? Why did some governors of the province, such as Ehtesham al-Dawla, receive support and support from the people, while others suffered rebellion and war? The research findings show that the appointment of incompetent and ineffective rulers and the collection of heavy taxes have led to constant war and conflict between the people and the government, as well as forced migrations of tribes and clans to neighboring and distant areas, massacres, and a decrease in the population of tribal, rural, and urban areas. Result and Discussion With the death of Mohammad Shah (Shawal 1264 AH), rebellions broke out in some provinces of Iran, including Fars. For example, in Shiraz, the capital of Fars, the opponents of Hussein Khan Nizam al-Dawla, the ruler of Fars, gained a favorable opportunity to clash and expel him from Shiraz. The internal Persian rebellion that occurred in the city of Shiraz led both sides to bloody battles for a while. Finally, the central rulers in Tehran decided to appoint Prince Bahram Mirza to the government of Fars and to arrest and imprison Hussein Khan Nizam al-Dawla. In this way, the conflicts temporarily ended. The author of Nasseri's Farsnameh also emphasizes that with the arrival of Bahram Mirza Mu'ad al-Dawla in Shiraz in Safar 1265 AH, the "riots of the country" in Fars gradually became "calm" and peaceful. However, shortly after Bahram Mirza's rule, the internal situation in Fars became chaotic, and a rebellion broke out in the province of Bushehr. This incident was over the government of Bushehr. Because Bahram Mirza, the ruler of the province of Fars, handed over the government of Bushehr to "Sheikh Nasr Khan, son of Sheikh Abdul Rasul Khan." However, some influential people in Tehran gave the government of Busher to Nazim al-Mulk Shirazi. As a result, there was a conflict between the forces of Sheikh Nasr Khan and Nazim al-Mulk Shirazi over the government of Busher. Sheikh Nasr Khan's forces defeated the new opponents. However, the continuation of the conflict dragged some other provinces of Fars into the conflict. Among them were the armies of Kohgilouyeh and Behbahan - led by Mirza Sultan Mohammad Khan Tabataba'i Behbahani, the governor of the province - who entered the battle to force Sheikh Nasr Khan to surrender. According to first-hand sources, Baqir Khan Tangestani, who "had no cannons or artillery in his camp... sent someone to Mount Kiluyeh [= Mount Gilouyeh]" and asked for cannons and help. Conclusions The ministers of the provinces and provinces in the Qajar period were generally from the Divan and Mustufi classes. They played an important and decisive role in the administration of the provinces and provinces during this period. The administration of all political, military, administrative, and financial affairs of the provinces and provinces was carried out under the supervision of the ministers of the provinces and provinces. The level of efficiency of the ministers became more important during the Qajar period due to the policy of appointing princes as rulers of the provinces and provinces of the country. In the case of the ruler's youth, inexperience or incapacity, the minister of the province and province resolved all regional affairs, but in the case of the ruler's efficiency, the ministers, in addition to handling the administrative and financial affairs of the province and province, served as the link between the central government and the province or province and their representatives, reporting all events in the provinces to the central government. On the other hand, the ministers of the provinces and regions, due to the less accountability of the ruling princes, were subject to reprimand and punishment by the central government in the event of any untoward incident in the provinces and regions. |