| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction The investigation of the political action of the Iranian society before the constitutional revolution shows that a large part of the society's protest against the government was manifested in the form of silent stability and hidden copies. These transcripts were formulated in contrast to the official narrative of the government abroad or private circles and secret associations, away from the supervision of the authoritarian government, or in the field of literature, and secret situations. Absolutism of arbitrary government, lack of accountability, backwardness, inefficiency, and general repression are among the reasons of Iranian society for shaping the hidden transcript of this era. The most important shortcoming of this period is the lack of law. According to Adamit, during this period, there was no strong legal system in Iran that met all the conditions or at least the most important features of the rule of law. Equality, which is the essence of the rule of law, had no real meaning, and individual desire prevailed both in tradition and custom. Therefore, there was no mention of human safety and social justice. However, any obvious movement towards reforming and establishing the law by the autocratic government and reactionary clergy will be suppressed and silenced. This forced the Iranians to turn to covert activities by using the conservative measures that they had used throughout history in the face of tyranny. Around the end of Naser al-Din Shah's reign, groups of people secretly discussed the desirability of getting rid of tyranny and the benefits of freedom and justice. After the murder of Nasir al-Din Shah, they became more active in the capital and the provinces, and after many discussions, they decided to coordinate their actions to overthrow the tyranny and establish a set of laws and justice. Such thoughts gradually penetrated the culture of the society and were manifested in the form of secret copies, and secret activities began in Tehran and other cities in a wide field, which eventually led to the constitutional revolution. Materials and Methods In the present research, we have benefited from the text analysis method. The starting point of this method is the careful examination of the text. In this sense, the speakers of the text, the process of its production, showing the effect of the two sides of the text and the context (political, socio-historical of the text), paying attention to the special conditions of the production of the text, continuous and successive changes of the meaning of the text and the dialectical relationship of power and the text are investigated. In this way, the researcher can understand the obvious and hidden angles of attitude, the worldview of people, and the hidden thoughts in the documents that are studied. Based on this, in the method of text analysis, the spoken or written text, or what is called social discourses, must be consistent with the systematic analysis of their social context. In this sense, the analysis of the text must also analyze the form or structure, and organization of the text. In other words, at the same time, we have to analyze the content of the text, its structure and context. Based on this, it is necessary to pay attention to the four main components: reference, presuppositions, implications, and inferences. Therefore, for reading texts and their social relationship, four components should be examined. 1. What is the author's desired word, and what does it refer to? 2. Based on which intellectual and social backgrounds did the author speak, and what role did his social experiences play in this? 3. How can you understand what the difference is between what the authors had and what he wrote? 4. What conclusion does a text, work, or speech faced in the social arena or among its readers and listeners? Result and Discussion Iran's authoritarian political structure, along with political and social instability, has caused the Iranian society to show dual ways in its individual and social behavior. In conservatively estimating the scope of power, he performs a show of submission and satisfaction and in the social arena; he shows his agreement with the official approaches of building power. However, at the same time, he is also busy creating hidden discourse, and in situations where he is faced with the weakness of the power structure, he has been able to reveal this hidden discourse and challenge the political power in a collective action. Therefore, power in Iran has its meaning in a network of social relations, and the resistance and escape routes of the oppressed society against the stubbornness of the superior power are abundantly found, and the hidden transcript is an arena of these resistances and narratives, which gives Iranians the opportunity to face the power freely express their personal opinions in criticism of dominance. Based on this, here, we will examine the most important forms of manifestation of the hidden transcript of Iranian society on the eve of the constitutional revolution. In this period, the government's weakness and inability to manage the country, and the inability and reluctance of the government apparatus to advance political and economic reforms, provided the ground for the emergence of hidden transcripts that were a reflection of confrontation with tyranny, justice, and modernism. These transcripts ranged from accompanying the ruling ideology to the formation of secret assemblies and associations, emerging in the field of anonymity, and embellishing the summaries of the deepest desires and wishes of the society to renew and replace the rule of law instead of the ruler's tyranny. Based on this, the scope of new ideas expanded through these copies, and the criticism of the government and the country's backwardness rose, and the courage to express a narrative that had been suppressed for a long time was revealed in the constitutional revolution. Conclusions Using the theoretical model of Scott's hidden narrative, this article seeks a new understanding of the behavior and political texts of Iranian society during the constitutional revolution. The authoritarian political structure of the Iranian society, along with other structures of the society, has caused the aspects of the silent resistance of the Iranian society to be immune from the violence of the dominant elites to be widely manifested in secret transcripts. In this way, by emphasizing on numerous historical examples, it can be shown that the logic of the formation of secret transcripts in Iranian society and its scope and difference from public transcripts compared to some societies is influenced by the social structure of this society, which was formed during a long process and to some extent, It is fixed. Based on this, on the eve of the constitutional revolution and beyond the political suffocation and the conquest of the public sphere, many intellectuals and writers were able to rely on the traditions of the society in secretive thinking and conservatism, and using irony, allegory, and mysterious Persian expressions in the discourse. To enter their target into the public discourse, which was very much welcomed by different sections of society. Apart from criticizing the ruling political tyranny, these works also reflected the ideal of modernism and constitutionalism and became the foundation of a social movement that realized its slogans in the constitutional revolution. Therefore, what is important in connection with these copies is their widespread influence in Iranian society and their ability to challenge the ruling political power. |