| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction Co-educational schools in the Qajar period were dedicated to religious minorities. These schools became public in the early Pahlavi period with the government's support. During this period, to expand education among girls and, on the other hand, to improve the single-gender educational environment, co-educational schools were set up throughout the country. During this period, these schools were expanded by the global trend and the expansion of rural schools, which required co-educational. Since the 1940s, the clergy have expressed their opposition to such schools. In the ideological historiography of the Islamic Republic, these schools have been equated with prostitution (Rouhāni 1370, 187, 213) and nudity (Vāhed 1361, 33) or have spoken of "dozens of girls becoming pregnant in the toilets" of co-educational schools (Foulazādeh 1369, vol. 1, 221). When the clergy came to power after the 1979 revolution, they began to try to dissolve Co-educational schools under the general program of Islamization of society, and after announcing such a plan in the first days, despite the objections of the parents of the students of these schools, they dissolved these schools in October 1979 in Tehran and the following year throughout the country, except in rural areas. The issue of this study is the background and reasons for the establishment of co-educational schools and their dissolution. The question of this study is what was the process of setting up and dissolving co-educational schools? The importance of studying this issue lies in the fact that despite the universality of co-educational, at least at the elementary level, groups of the Islamic Republic of Iran still seek to implement this segregation at different levels of education, even in universities. In the 2000s and 2010s, they also protested against the mixing of universities (Kayhān, 20 Tir 1390) or the holding of co-educational camps (Kayhān, 4 Āzar 1394; Kayhān, 2 Tir 1395). In addition, the media of this movement publish news about the increase in interest in segregating gender in schools around the world (Kayhān, 5 Šahrivar 1396). Even during these years, they made unsuccessful attempts to segregate the gender of universities and establish single-sex universities due to "popular demands" (Jām-e-Jām, 31 ḵordād 1390; Resālat, 24 Esfand 1391; Resālat, 3 ḵordād 1389; Jām-e-Jām, 18 Tir 1390; Kayhān, 25 ḵordād 1390). Materials and Methods The issue of this study is the background and reasons for the establishment of co-educational schools and their dissolution. The question of this study is what was the process of setting up and dissolving co-educational schools? This study seeks to use the historical method of establishing and expanding these schools to describe the opposition of religious authorities and clerics in the Pahlavi period to these schools and finally their dissolution in urban areas at the beginning of the Islamic Republic period. The library method was used to collect the data for this study. The data for this study have been taken from official newspapers, books, and statistics. Result and Discussion The findings of this study show that in the Pahlavi era, to expand education among girls and, on the other hand, to improve the single-gender educational environment, co-educational schools were established throughout the country. From 1941-1953, religious authorities and clerics objected to these schools and demanded their closure. In the face of the Pahlavi regime, they also restricted these schools to some extent. However, in the following years, following the global trend and the expansion of rural schools, which required co-education, these schools were expanded. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, co-educational middle schools and high schools were established. With the outbreak of the 1979 Revolution, an attempt was made to dissolve co-educational schools under the general program of the government to "Islamize" society. The announcement of such a program was followed by some objections and agreements during the first days. The opponents of the bill opposed the bill by writing letters and holding rallies, and pursued this demand for a long time. The Ayandegan and Kayhan newspapers reflected these objections, but with the closure of these newspapers in August 1979, the voices of the protesters were not echoed. However, the supporters of the government did not take any other action except to hold a rally in support of this plan and oppose co-educational schools. Despite the objections of the parents of the students of these schools, these schools were dissolved in October 1979 in Tehran and the following year throughout the country, except in rural areas. However, the increasing population growth despite the migration of villagers to the cities, which for the first time brought the urban population to about 55 percent, led to an increase in the rural population in need of education. Therefore, the number of co-educational schools was only reduced, and the emerging revolutionary government itself was forced to expand these schools in rural areas, so that even in the 2000s and 2010s, there were reports of tens of thousands of co-educational schools in all three phases in different rural and deprived parts of the country, especially in nomadic areas, which were sometimes formed in tents and capers. In these schools, due to the small number of students and the lack of educational space and staff, co-educational education continued. Conclusions Co-educational schools in Iran became public during the Pahlavi period with the government's support. During this period, to expand education among girls and, on the other hand, to improve the single-gender educational environment, co-educational schools were set up throughout the country. However, during the years 1941-1953, the government restricted these schools to some extent due to the opposition of religious authorities and clerics. However, following the global trend and the expansion of rural schools, which required co-educational, he expanded these schools in the following years. With the outbreak of the 1979 Revolution, an attempt was made to dissolve co-educational schools under the government's general program to "Islamize" society. The opponents of the bill opposed the bill by writing letters and holding rallies, and pursued this demand for a long time. However, the supporters of the government did not take any other action except to hold a rally in support of this plan and oppose co-educational schools. After the announcement of such a plan in the first days, despite the objections of the parents of the students of these schools, these schools were dissolved in October 1979 in Tehran and the following year throughout the country, except in rural areas. Despite the Islamic Republic's efforts to isolate the educational environment and "Islamize" schools, schools in rural and deprived areas remain co-educational. It seems that the initial measures and the current failed attempts to separate the schools were more of a try to impose the ideology of the state and demonstrate its power in urban and affluent areas. This issue was Significant in challenging the competing ideologies and lifestyles derived from the Pahlavi era in the early years. |