| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction The province of Khamseh (Zanjan) was always considered due to the presence of political, military, and religious elites in the body of the government and society of the Qajar period. In Zanjan, one of the influential courtiers and elders was often chosen to rule and sent to this province. In this province, despite its small area and small population, there were also suitable lands for the cultivation of cereals, and due to its proximity to the capital of Tehran and the capital of Tabriz, it was one of the main centers in solving the crises of famine and drought. During the Qajar period, the grain of this region was sent to other parts of the country many times to solve the famine and the challenges of drought years, and prevented many riots and unrest resulting from the shortage of grain. With the death of Mirza Ibrahim Khan Amin al-Sultan in 1300 AH, Mirza Ali Asghar Khan received the title of his father (Amin al-Sultan) and the decree of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, and after a while, he became the “Prime Minister” and then the title of “Chancellor”. The Amin-al-Sultan family had close relations with various groups in the province of Khamseh, including Mirza Ibrahim Khan’s guardianship over the Shahsevan tribe and the supervision of the work of the rulers of this region. Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, due to his important ministerial positions, was an important and influential actor and pillar in the economy, society, and politics of the province of Khamseh. In such a way, the events, role, and position of the important elements of this region at the end of the Nasseri era did not seem possible without his interference and influence. Therefore, the present study deals with the question of what position and influence Amin al-Sultan had in the current issues of the Khamseh province in this period. Moreover, what were the results of his policies and actions on different issues and classes? Materials and Methods Sources of Historiography. So far, no independent research has been conducted on the life and times of Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Sultan, and most of the research has relied on documents to present a part of the years of political life. Among the works that have been mentioned to some extent about the developments of the Khamseh province during the reign of Amin al-Sultan, the book “Letters to Naser al-Din Shah: A Collection of Petitions Containing the Shah’s Orders to Amin al-Sultan between the Years 1300-1303 AH” by Majid Abdamin from the publications of the Dr. Afshar Endowment Foundation in cooperation with Sokhan Publications can be mentioned. In this work, there are a small number of correspondences between Amin al-Sultan and the political and military elites of the khamseh province on issues such as the army, the gold mine, and personal petitions, which is not a case study about the khamseh province, and from the content of some of the re-read letters, no conclusion can be drawn about Amin al-Sultan and the developments of the khamseh province in the late Naseri era. In the book ”Memoirs of Ehtesham al-Saltaneh”, by the efforts of Mohammad Mahdi Mousavi of Zavvar Publications, in the section related to the rule of Mirza Mahmud Ehtesham al-Saltaneh in Zanjan (1306-1309 AH), there are important points about the interference and role of Amin al-Sultan in the dismissal, appointments, and relations with different classes. Works such as” Memoirs of Etemad al-Saltaneh” and “Memoirs of Ain al-Saltaneh Salor” also dealt to some extent with some of Amin al-Sultan’s policies, such as supporting and siding with Brigadier General Jahanshah Khan. Therefore, in the present study, which is different from the new documentary works and the narratives and memories of the past, the documents related to Khamseh Province in the period under discussion were first studied and investigated. It should be noted that these documents were used from the archives of public or private organizations and institutions. On the other hand, books and articles were discussed, reviewed, and notes taken. Then, the publications that were needed to answer the questions and ambiguities of the research were prepared and reviewed, and then the research topic was examined in a descriptive-explanatory manner and based on that, the questions and ambiguities raised were answered. Result and Discussion IIn the years contemporaneous with Amin al-Sultan’s accession to power, the province of Khamseh was under the direct supervision and influence of the king and courtiers, due to the power of the khans, scholars, and the existence of powerful tribes. Mirza Ibrahim Khan Amin al-Sultan was the head of some of the prominent tribes of the region (Shahsevan) before his son Mirza Ali Asghar Khan came to power. In some cases, he also interfered in the current affairs of this region at the request and order of the Shah. With the accession of Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Sultan, the province of Khamseh came under his direct rule. Considering the current issues in this part of the country, which was located in the middle of the important cities of Tehran and Tabriz, Amin al-Sultan had a direct involvement in the current developments to advance the wishes and views of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. In this regard, Amin al-Sultan’s relations with the rulers of Zanjan were in line with the implementation of the policies of the court, reducing insecurity, increasing stability, and paying attention to the heads of dependent tribes such as Shahsevan. These needs were so important that even with the failure of Amin al-Hazrat, his brother in the government, Ehtesham al-Saltaneh was appointed to resolve the disturbances. Due to the proximity of some rulers to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the chancellor’s hand in supervising and dealing with some issues was somewhat short, and it seems that the rulers of this period were directly under the supervision and command of the Shah. Amin al-Sultan’s stubbornness and policies vis-à-vis some influential people and agents, it seems that to audit and implement the Shah’s orders, they were accompanied by fines, arrests, and relatively accurate investigations, but the removal of some influential people and forgiveness and tolerance of mistakes, led to the abuse and increase of the authority of Khans such as Jahanshah Khan. Amin al-Sultan’s policy of removing Jahanshah Khan had long-term consequences. So that with the death of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and the gradual decline of the rule of the Qajar government in the Mozaffari period, and due to the economic policies of the Qajars in selling government lands to courtiers and those affiliated with the government, the power of Jahanshah Khan increased more than ever and different urban and rural classes were violated and harassed. Amin al-Sultan also took into account the king’s wishes and opinions in matters such as taxation, auditing, and mineral exploration in areas such as Kavand and Tarom, and financial affairs took precedence over any demand, complaint, or need. The province of Khamseh was one of the centers for sending grain to different places, and with the coming to power of Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Sultan, the grain of this region was often sent regularly. What can be counted as one of the obstacles to the export of Zanjan grain in the era of Amin al-Sultan was the wickedness and plunder of some of the Khans who, in the course of the dispute and conflict, in addition to plundering the livestock, looted the wheat available in the mills, and Amin al-Sultan in Tehran was faced with a shortage of bread, obstacles to the supply of grain, a lack of rainfall, and pestilence of crops. Due to the supervision and support of the chiefs of the Shahsevan tribe and the Khamseh Khans, Amin al-Sultan put pressure on them during the difficult years and lack of rainfall, and did not accept any excuse or excuse to transport the grain of the court to Tehran, Because the presence of grain contained the rebellion and rebellion and thus guaranteed the king’s satisfaction. These pressures by the chancellor sometimes led to the looting of the villagers’ crops and the grievances of the subjects to Tehran, and the complaints did not conclude due to the relations of the agents with each other and the government’s need for grain. Conclusions To eliminate insecurity, create social and economic stability, and increase tax revenues, which was closely linked to the goals and views of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Amin al-Sultan selected and sent rulers to Zanjan. Even to fulfill his needs, he dismissed Amin al-Hazrat, the elder brother, from the rule of Zanjan and chose Ehtesham al-Saltaneh as his successor. Attraction and repulsion in relations with influential people and some agents were among Amin al-Sultan’s policies to advance his goals and desires and to satisfy the Qajar Shah. Amin al-Sultan’s short-term policies were pursued by receiving taxes and sending grain to Tehran, with the aim of stability and security and preventing the people’s rebellion and the Shah’s dissatisfaction, but in the end, as the planner and executor of the court, he caused irreparable damage to the people of the region. In addition to disciplining and dealing with some important groups and individuals, with the removal of elites such as Jahanshah Khan Brigadier General, a new chapter was opened in the history of this region, which subsequently, due to the landowning policies of the Qajars in the sale of government lands to agents, in the years of the gradual decline of the power of the central government in the constitutional era and afterwards, caused abuses and abuses against the subordinate people. He did not have specific goals and plans for economic issues in the Khamseh region, and it seems that the security of the society and the Shah’s satisfaction in pursuing and solving economic challenges were at the forefront of his efforts and demands. |